Essay on World Phone Hacking Scandal - 2506 Words

In March of 2002, Milly Dowler, a 13 year old student, was abducted and later murdered. From the time of the abduction until her body was found in September of that year, her family and friends had maintained hope through the fact that Milly’s voicemails were being deleted, giving them hope that Milly may have still been alive. However, in July of 2011, it was reported that it was in fact reporters from the Rupert Murdoch owned News of the World paper checking the phone messages and inadvertently deleting them. This was when the public became aware of an ongoing investigation into a scandal that had started years before. Every corporation faces ethical decisions on a daily basis, including the news media. While a news outlet may not have†¦show more content†¦Except in limited circumstances, we do not use hidden cameras; any exceptions should first be discussed with the top newsroom manager and the legal department (New York Times, 2005). By hacking into voicemails and wiretapping individuals, News of the World employees were breaking ethical standards in journalism. The decisions made by a few individuals instilled a corporate culture that eventually ended up affecting an entire industry. Rupert Murdoch is said to believe that â€Å"in the newsroom, where you do whatever it takes to get the story, take no prisoners, destroy the competition, and the end will justify the means†. That being said, most forms of information gathering practices are sent from â€Å"the top down†, meaning the person in charge of the paper tells the rest of the employees how they can or cannot get information about a story (Bernstein, 2011). Newspapers are highly competitive, and Murdoch’s empire is one of the most well-known and most lucrative media outlets. Whether Murdoch knew nothing of the hacking (as he continues to testify) or not, the chance for the large amount of financial gains and potential losses from scooping competitors can make a person pursue unethical behaviors. These individual factors played a huge role in the creation of organizational factors for which Murdoch may or may not have been aware of. Murdoch’s philosophy created a corporate culture t hat ignored industry standards in ethicalShow MoreRelatedThe News of the World Phone Hacking Scandal from Business Ethics and Csr Point of View3483 Words   |  14 PagesThe News of the World Phone Hacking Scandal from Business Ethics and CSR Point of View Date: 21 June 2012 Executive Summary The focus of the project you’re about to read is on the recently phone hacking scandal of famous UK News agency, - The News of The World. The report include a brief explanation of what has happened based on pre-selected online articles, analysis of the scandal from Business Ethics point of view by using various CSR theories discussed during the CSR course in period fourRead MoreEssay about Ethics and Gatekeeping in The Media1533 Words   |  7 PagesIn 2011, News Corp. suffered a scandal of ethical proportions when it was revealed that members of the News of the World staff, a paper owned by News Corp. were participating and engaging in illegal phone hacking in order to find stories. It was reported that close to 4000 individuals ranging from sport stars to politicians and celebrities were hacked (BBC). The scandal eventually led to the end of the paper which ceased publication on July 10th 2011. This scandal at News Corp. raises ethical issuesRead MoreContemporary Issues in Business5466 Words   |  22 PagesEvents- The Phone Hacking Scandal 3. What is management? 3.1. Management Ideologies 3.2. Humanistic versus Economistic Ideologies 3.3 Scientific Management Theories 3.4. Critical Management Studies 3.5 Managers as Actors 3.6 Managers as Discursive Subjectivies 4. Ethical Theories 4.1. Consequentialist Theories 4.2. Non Consequentialist Theories 5. Conclusion 6. Recommendations 7. References 1.Introduction This report will discuss the events that took place during the phone hacking scandalRead MoreCorporate Ethical Issues and Ensuing Influence-Case Study of Murdochs Phone Hacking Scandal2819 Words   |  12 PagesCorporate Ethical Issues and Ensuing influence-Case study of Murdochs phone hacking scandal 1. Research Background The business ethics refers to the ethics of enterprise operation. Not only for the enterprises, all organizations related to business are supposed to have ethical issues. As long as the groups of people are having business activities,there are always exist ethical issues in essence(Drucker,1981,pp66). A moral enterprise should pay attention to the human nature,avoid conflict and frictionRead MoreCode of Ethics at News Limited2994 Words   |  12 Pagesstockholders are duly and fully informed of the goings of the Company. Stockholders play an important part in corporate governance (News Corporation). Statement of Business Conduct In response to the trust the Company receives from people all over the world, News Corporation conducts business with integrity (News Corporation 2011). Chairman and CEO Rupert Murdoch stated that the Company observes general principles holding up the culture of trust. He emphasized that these standards assist them to avoidRead MoreEssay on Investigative Reporting is the Driving Force in Journalism2455 Words   |  10 Pagesthere was two major investigations that have continued to be cited as exemplars; the first was of the triangular relationship between a government minister, Profumo, a Russian secret agent and a call girl. It was extensively researched by News of the World investigative journalist Peter Earle. The second was an exclusive by Sunday Times Insight, whose reporter Ron Hall detailed the methods used by a criminal landlord, Peter Rachman, to terrorise tenants. These examples set a trend and by the late 1960sRead MoreFreedom Of Expression Is Protected By Article 10 Of T he European Convention On Human Rights1447 Words   |  6 Pagesbecame widely known as ‘The Leveson Inquiry’. The inquiry was a result of the preceding phone hacking scandals from the News of the World, into both celebrities and victims such as Mollie Dowler. The inquiry, whilst being deeply intrusive into the businesses practices and attitudes of the press, highlighted the issue of newspapers breaching phone owners’ private lives, often not public figures. The phone hacking was an offence in itself under Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 (RIPA), andRead MoreRupert Murdoch : Corporate Governance1562 Words   |  7 Pages27, 2016 â€Æ' For me, prior to the summer of 2011, The NewsCorp did not seek to operate under any type of organizational values - implied or explicit. After the hacking scandal, the News Corp began to use the slogan Fair Balanced and a mission statement Creating and distributing top-quality news, sports and entertainment around the world.† What role, if any, did organizational culture play in the demise of this organization? What can be said for leadership? According to the Columbia JournalismRead MoreThe Leveson inquiry is a public judicial inquiry into the culture practice and ethics of the700 Words   |  3 Pagesis a public judicial inquiry into the culture practice and ethics of the British press, chaired by Lord Justice Leveson. The inquiry was established by current Prime Minister David Cameron, in the wake of former tabloid News of the World’s phone-hacking scandal. A press release made public on the 14th September 2011 stated that the Leveson enquiry was to investigate the ethical practices of the press, including the working relationships that police and politicians had towards the British Press. TheRead MoreThe Information Age : How Safe Are We?1525 Words   |  7 Pagesto the internet. Body: I. (Main point one) The security of information stored on and shared on cellphones is dubious at best. A. Almost as soon as Bluetooth technology arrived someone developed a way to hack its signal and â€Å"listen in† on texts and phone calls on any Bluetooth enabled device. While this has supposedly been corrected, it was the first indication of the dangers of transmitting information wirelessly over a supposedly secure network. B. There are apps for almost anything you can think

The Great Depression Essay - 1234 Words

The Causes of the Great Depression The cause of the Great Depression has been debated for many years. The actual cause of the Great Depression is a multitude of factors, there was no single cause. Several reasons for the Great Depression were supply and demand, the banking system, wages of workers, success and failure of business, government policy, excessive speculation in the stock market and the unequal distribution of wealth between the rich and the middle class. While there are many theories to what caused the Great Depression; all of these factors played a role in the Great Depression. The European nations industry had been devastated during the war and they relied on the United States for most goods. The†¦show more content†¦There was still a major gap in income of the rich and middle class. The top 0.1% of Americans in 1929 had a combined income equal to the bottom 42% of Americans, while 80% of the people had no savings at all (McElvaine 38). The average income for the farmer was only $273 compared to the average national income of $750 (McElvaine 21). By 1929 the productivity of the American industry had risen 43 percent while the wages only increase 8 percent (McElvaine 39). The American worker had enjoyed the 1920s as an era that was filled with new inventions, the radio, automobile, electric irons, and refrigerators were in every home. The average American worker could not afford to buy these items, but they could if they made small weekly or monthly payments. Convincing Americans to go against traditional values was difficult, but the adver tising industry convinced them they could (McElvaine 41). The average worker in America was living in poverty, making about $24.76 a week. Most Americans did not have much money to loose when the stock market crashed; they had no savings and no investments. The people who lost the most were the wealthy investors (McElvaine 17). Speculation in the 1920’s caused many to invest money they did not have. The stock market was a â€Å"Bull Market in the 1920s, it seemed that it would never end. Hoping to get rich, people from all walks of life were buying up stocks. The boomShow MoreRelatedThe Depression Of The Great Depression1223 Words   |  5 Pagesfar-reaching consequences as the Great Depression. This experience was the most extended and severe depression of the Western world. It was an economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted until 1939. A large amount of America’s labor force lost their jobs and suffered during this crisis. During the nation’s financial disaster, Franklin Delano Roosevelt became president and made extensive changes to America’s political structure. The effects of the Great Depression had lasting consequences that areRead MoreThe Depression Of The Great Depression1232 Words   |  5 Pagespeople think that the stock crash was to blame for the Gr eat Depression but that is not correct. Both the crash and depression were the result of problems with the economy that were still underneath society s minds. The depression affected people in a series of ways: poverty is spreading causing farm distress, unemployment, health, family stresses and unfortunately, discrimination increases. America tended to blame Hoover for the depression and all the problems. When the 1932 election came peopleRead MoreThe Great Depression Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: The world had faced two main economic problems. The first one was the Great Depression in the early of 20th Century. The second was the recent international financial crisis in 2008. The United States and Europe suffered severely for a long time from the great depression. The great depression was a great step and changed completely the economic policy making and the economic thoughts. It was not only an economic situation bit it was also miserable making, made people more attentionRead MoreThe Depression Of The Great Depression2071 Words   |  9 PagesPaul Von Hindenburg appointed Adolf Hitler Chancellor on the 30th January 1933. The Depression did play a vital role in this, however other factors such as the Nazis propaganda, the resentment of the Weimar republic and the political situation of 1932-1933 also contributed to his success. Before the Great Depression, the Nazis gained 12 seats and 2.6% of the vote in the May election of 1928. Despite this, by July 1932, Hitler gained 230 seats and 37.3% of the vote in the Reichstag. This is a dramaticRead MoreThe Great Depression1292 Words   |  6 PagesBefore the crash Before the start of the great depression the United States was a country of great economic wealth, with new technology being invented and a boom in industry. Due to a boom in America’s Industry because of World War One the economy was at an all-time high with a tremendous amount of prosperity. Following the end of world war one the industrial might that America had was being used for peaceful, domestic purposes instead of being used for violence and war. New technologies like carsRead MoreThe Great Depression1731 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1920’s was a decade of discovery for America. As mentioned in â€Å"who was roaring in the twenties? —Origins of the great depression,† by Robert S. McElvaine America suffered with the great depression due to several factors but it managed to stay prosperous at the end. In â€Å"America society and culture in the 1920’s,† by David A. Shannon there was much more to the great depression. It was a time of prosperity an economic change. Women and men were discovering who they were and their value to societyRead MoreThe Great Depression1551 Words   |  6 PagesThe G reat Depression was one of the most devastating events recorded in history. The nation as a whole plummeted in one economic downfall. Few individuals escaped the effects of the depression. The hardship of unemployment and the loss of homes and farms were a large portion of the pain caused by the economic crisis. Through all of these sufferings, women had a large impact on society. Women faced heavy discrimination and social criticism during the Depression Even though through research it is provenRead MoreThe Great Depression1186 Words   |  5 Pagesfriends is the true definition of of what the Great Depression really was. It was a time that most people want to never remember or ever happen again. You would think the United States would have learned from their mistakes but it seems we are going down the same road once again without even taking a step back and realizing it. When people talk about the Great Depression not a single person will have anything good to say about it. It ca used families a great deal of pain that they will never forget. WithRead MoreThe Great Depression1368 Words   |  6 PagesAfter WW1 the Great Depression had a very late impact on the major film companies in France, when it did, it unfortunately caused several film studios to go bankrupt, then in the late 1920’s to 1930’s many small film companies and groups emerged giving birth to the tendency called poetic realism. Because the large companies who made films with a focus on making money were gone the filmmakers and artists were able to concern themselves with the art of film, they often took poetic innovations thatRead MoreGreat Depression7197 Words   |  29 PagesGreat Depression From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia {draw:frame} Dorothea Langes Migrant Mother depicts destitute pea pickers in California, centering on Florence Owens Thompson, age 32, a mother of seven children, in Nipomo, California, March 1936. The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression) in the decade preceding World War II. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in about 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s

Assimilation Policies, And Land Displacement - 753 Words

Colonization has forced considerable changes upon Aboriginal peoples through aggressive assimilation policies, and land displacement, where the Europeans encroached and brutally confiscated Indigenous land resulting in tragic health disparities, including the abuse of alcohol. The aim of settler colonialism was to cast out the original inhabitants from their land, eradicate their rich culture and traditions, and ultimately dispose of First Nations and Aboriginal people in order to claim the land for themselves (Doty-Sweetnam Morrisette, 2016). It is believed that current difficulties and challenges faced by Indigenous populations are rooted in the oppressive principles of the Indian Act and other government policies (Van der Woerd et al.,†¦show more content†¦Another important part of the history to understand is that First Nations people were first exposed to alcohol during the fur trade in Canada, by explorers, fur traders, and merchants, which (white, European) historians recorded as the breakdown of Aboriginal social norms and marriages, as well as a time of increased sexual assaults and food deprivation. Thus, the colonizers passed a law as part of the Indian Act in 1850 prohibiting the sale of intoxicating liquor to First Nations people (Mushquash et al., 2014; Van der Woerd et al., 2010). Reportedly, this prohibition did not prevent the intake of liquor, but instead changed how substances were used, as First Nations people could not drink in public or even in their homes, they would drink in alleys or bushes and drink quickly to avoid arrest (Van der Woerd et al., 2010). This is only one of numerous examples of the colonizers placing restrictions and limitations upon Aboriginal peoples, in an attempt to control and dominate them. As stated by Firestone and colleagues (2015): â€Å"in Canada, cycles of family disruption, abuse, colonization, dislocation from traditional lands and outlawing of spiritual practices among Aboriginal peoples have led to many health and social inequities† (p. 375). For those individuals growing up in a householdShow MoreRelatedWomen s Rights Of Aboriginal Women1204 Words   |  5 Pagesown children and effectively making them property of their husbands and fathers (cite) The government’s introduction of reserve land, in regards to status and non-status Indians and who could reside there drastically affected Aboriginal women with disastrous results. A direct result of colonial policy was the forcible displacement of Aboriginal women off reserve land. By altering the traditional matrilineal descent, kinship systems, and post marital residency patterns, which had been practiced andRead MoreThe Path To The Milky Way Leads Through Los Angeles By Joy Hargars Poem Analysis1882 Words   |  8 Pagesfind a way to submerge themselves into a culture that had been forced upon them. In this poem Harjo an Okmulgee Native has trouble when adjusting to the city of Los Angeles; all while still trying to hold on to her Native American heritage. This displacement of culture is what constitutes the separation between a person and their culture. Removing the art and other manifestation from a group that know nothing other than their own teachings will only cause what we see as pre-existing; which is the whitewashingRead MoreIndigenous Australia And The Policies Imposed Upon Them1833 Words   |  8 Pagesresisted the non-Indigenous occupation of Australia and the policies imposed upon them? The ways in which Indigenous Australian peoples resisted the non-Indigenous of Australia were seen evident through the policies and practices imposed upon them. Such policies and practices were potentially seen as a common justification for Aboriginal peoples as it was viewed as â€Å"for their own good†. These policies include protection and segregation, assimilation, self-determination and reconciliation that occurredRead MoreThe Issue Of The Canadian Legal System Essay1939 Words   |  8 Pagescontainment, displacement, and assimilation of Aboriginal peoples in Eastern dominating Canadian society. I will also discuss and analyze the devastating situations of Aboriginal women, which emerged with the sexual colonialization of Aboriginal peoples sanctioned by the Canadian government and justice system. I will do this by providing historical and statistical evidence from scholarly sources regarding the impacts of colonization on Aboriginal peoples in Canada. The origins of displacement, containmentRead MoreThe Colonization Of Kenya Under British Rule And Its Outcomes That Made The Country Worse2541 Words   |  11 Pagescolonize the North Americas to establish new settlements, but disregard the native populations and resulted in loss of sovereignty. Similarly, Africa was colonized by major European powers in the 19th century, from the 1870 s to the 1900 s. Africa was a land that had plenty of resources, such as ivory and rubber. This demand for resources gave Europe another reason to come to Africa, so they could feed their new factories with materials. Lastly, political factors such as prestige and power began to emergeRead MoreHuman Rights Within The World1313 Words   |  6 Pagessuch as human rights are dated back to violent history. Nazi Germany arguably sparked an interest in human rights as their â€Å"good triumphed through the acts of a selfless few or out of the depths of evil†. Human rights refer to the laws, acts and policies initiated in order to protect vulnerable, oppressed people in the world and allow them to possibly thrive in this world. Although women, sexual minorities, and racialized minorities all play a significant role in the development of human rights—racializedRead More Caryl Phillips The Nature of Blood Essay3229 Words   |  13 PagesThe Nature of Blood On its most immediate level, Caryl Phillips’ The Nature of Blood narrates several stories of the Jewish Diaspora, using the familiar Shakespearean character Othello to provide a counterpoint to the others’ experiences of displacement. The Nature of Blood thus initially seems to fit awkwardly among texts by other West Indian authors who use the Caribbean as the setting of their work or incorporate West Indian characters into their work. Through his multi-stranded narrative,Read MoreNative American Cultural Assimilation Essay3830 Words   |  16 PagesNative American Cultural Assimilation from the Colonial Period to the Progressive October 2, 2011 Introduction Although the first European settlers in America could not have survived without their assistance, it was not long before the Native Americans were viewed as a problem population. They were an obstacle to the expansion plans of the colonial government and the same to the newly formed United States. The Native Americans were dealt with in various ways. During expansion someRead MoreProblematize the Exodus-Liberation-Settlement Motif from the Adivasi Perspective5585 Words   |  23 Pagesand settled in Egypt. The biblical record affirms that the Israelites were fruitful and prolific; they multiplied and grew exceedingly strong, so that the land was filled with them. Then a new king arose who did not know Joseph. He wants to get rid of the Israelite because of the fear that they would fight against them and run away from the land. The method he used was that the king made them forced labourers and put taskmasters over them. The Egyptians thus oppressed them ruthlessly and impo sed heavyRead MoreRace, ethnicity, prejudice: white Australia policy Essay2055 Words   |  9 PagesEthnicity? What is Prejudice? What is Racism? Part 2 Introducing the ‘White Australia’ policy From White Australia to Multiculturalism Conclusion References This paper is divided into two parts. In the first part the concepts or race, ethnicity, prejudice and racism are defined and how they are connected is discussed. Part 2 of the paper looks at the ‘White Australia’ policy and why it was introduced. The impact of such a racist immigration history on contemporary

The Gross Domestic Product

Questions: (1). Table : GDP Data for Countries A and B Country A $billions Country B $billions Household Consumption 150 150 Government Purchases 250 250 Transfer payments 50 60 Total Gross Fixed Capital Expenditures 50 150 Change in Inventories 50 -50 Exports 40 40 Imports 20 20 Consider the data in table 1 for two countries: A and B. a. a. Calculate the GDP for both countries. b. Discuss the usefulness of these data in deciding which, if any, of these two countries is likely to be experiencing an economic recession. 2. Obtain Australia's real GDP and CPI data from 1980 to 2015. Calculate the annual growth rates of real GDP and inflation and graph both series together. Is/are there some interesting or salient relationship(s) between those two series? Provide and discuss plausible economic explanation(s), including change in economic events and change in government policy, for the relationship(s) you identified. 3. Obtain Australia's real GDP and unemployment data from 1980 to 2015. Calculate the growth rates of real GDP and unemployment and graph both series together. Is/are there some interesting or salient relationship(s) between those two series? Provide and discuss plausible economic explanation(s), including change in economic events and change in government policy, for the relationship(s) you identified. Answers: (1). Table 1: Data for country A and B Country A ( Billion $) Country B ( Billion $) Household Consumption 150 150 Government Purchases 250 250 Transfer Payments 50 60 Total Gross Fixed Capital Expenditures 50 150 Change in Inventories 50 -50 Exports 40 40 Imports 20 20 a. The Gross Domestic Product is the primary indicator that measure well being or strength of the economy in terms of total production. It is a measure of aggregate final goods and services produced in a country for final consumption. Investment; Government expenditure; consumption and trade balance are the components of Gross Domestic product. Among the above components, transfer payment will not be considered while calculating the Gross Domestic Product. The one-way transfers of money that involves no exchange of goods and services; do not create any value to the nations production. The gross fixed capital expenditure is the component of investment. However, the inventory is the difference between production and actual sales. When the gap is positive, it implies investment has been made for inventory. Hence, changes in inventories are considered as an element of the investment. GDP = Government Expenditure (G) + Investment (I) + Consumption (C) + [Export (X) Import (M)]. GDP for Country A = Government Purchases + Inventories + Total Gross Fixed Capital Expenditure + Household Consumption + (Export Import) GDPA= 250 + 50 + 50 + 150 + (40-20)] Billion Dollars GDPA= 520 Billion Dollars GDP for Country B = Government Purchases + Inventories + Total Gross Fixed Capital Expenditure + Household Consumption + (Export Import) GDPB= 250 - 50 + 150 + 150 + (40-20)] Billion Dollars GDPB= 520 Billion Dollars b. From the given data in Table 1, it has been found that the GDP of these two countries are same. By observing the data, it can be said that the values of each components, except investment variables, are same. Since the GDP value is same for both countries, it is not possible to distinguish the future growth of the country. It cannot be said which countrys condition is better and whose not. However, the components of investment are different in both the countries. Hence, by comparing these two, the scenario of each country can be analyzed. Gross Fixed Capital Expenditure includes the changes in net physical assets. It excludes exchange of lands but takes into account, the improved land whose value has been augmented. When the fixed capital expenditure increases, it implies that the country is investing more in fixed capital expenditure as it is sufficient to do so. In the given case, the gross fixed capital expenditure is more in country B than A. Hence, economic condition is bette r in B. Again when the inventory is increasing, it implies that produced goods are not sold. This also indicates lack of demand and supplier will reduce its production. As the production falls due to lack of demand, it signifies possibility of recession in that nation. In the given case, the inventory is accumulating country A and clearing in B. therefore, it can be said that country B is in better position. Combining the scenario, it can be said that country A is expected to face recessionary phase in the near future. (2). Australias Real GDP at constant 2005 US Dollar has been collected for the period of 1980 to 2015. From this data, real GDP can be calculated in the following way. Growth Rate of Real GDP = 100 The Real GDP and calculated real GDP Growth Rate of Australia are given in the following table. Table 2: Real GDP and Growth Rate Year Real GDP (Constant 2005 $US) Real GDP Growth Rate 1980 305,649,174,623 - 1981 315,913,311,664 3.36 1982 326,405,727,600 3.32 1983 319,124,920,882 -2.23 1984 333,891,256,176 4.63 1985 351,418,812,598 5.25 1986 365,832,353,236 4.10 1987 375,250,680,515 2.57 1988 396,899,035,562 5.77 1989 412,293,558,478 3.88 1990 426,843,954,277 3.53 1991 425,222,444,977 -0.38 1992 426,919,112,438 0.40 1993 444,252,603,756 4.06 1994 462,191,286,542 4.04 1995 480,119,873,455 3.88 1996 499,080,482,890 3.95 1997 518,780,895,427 3.95 1998 541,805,654,425 4.44 1999 568,934,385,594 5.01 2000 590,944,509,406 3.87 2001 602,346,114,749 1.93 2002 625,576,717,369 3.86 2003 644,786,919,208 3.07 2004 671,541,542,213 4.15 2005 693,075,477,372 3.21 2006 713,749,019,841 2.98 2007 740,569,266,017 3.76 2008 768,019,943,343 3.71 2009 781,995,435,291 1.82 2010 797,777,527,534 2.02 2011 816,761,133,123 2.38 2012 846,431,780,635 3.63 2013 867,085,131,359 2.44 2014 888,760,969,615 2.50 The growth rate of this country changed over the period. In 1983 and 1991, there was a fall in the value of real GDP and hence growth rate has negative value. In spite of having positive rate of growth, the rate was considerably lower in the period of 1992; 2001 and 2009. The slow rate of growth takes place because of the recessionary phase of the country. Australias Consumer Price Index has been collected for the period of 1980 to 2015. From this data, the inflation rate of the country can be calculated in the following way. Rate of Inflation= 100 The Consumer Price Index and calculated inflation rate of Australia are given in the following table. Table 3: CPI and Inflation Year CPI (Base Year: 2012) Inflation Rate 1980 25.4 - 1981 27.8 9.45 1982 30.8 10.79 1983 34.3 11.36 1984 36.3 5.83 1985 37.9 4.41 1986 41.4 9.23 1987 45.3 9.42 1988 48.4 6.84 1989 51.7 6.82 1990 56.2 8.70 1991 58.9 4.80 1992 59.9 1.70 1993 60.6 1.17 1994 61.5 1.49 1995 63.8 3.74 1996 66.2 3.76 1997 67.1 1.36 1998 67 -0.15 1999 67.8 1.19 2000 69.7 2.80 2001 73.9 6.03 2002 76.1 2.98 2003 78.6 3.29 2004 80.2 2.04 2005 82.1 2.37 2006 84.5 2.92 2007 86.6 2.49 2008 90.3 4.27 2009 92.5 2.44 2010 95.2 2.92 2011 98.3 3.26 2012 99.9 1.63 2013 102.4 2.50 2014 105.4 2.93 The rate of inflation in Australia was terrifically higher during the early 1980s, which was amounted to more than 10%. However, in the following year the inflation rate has been jumped down to below 6% and even below 5% in 1984- 85. In early 1980s, this country was deregulated and liberalized. However, the rate showed a decline, mounted up in 1986- 87 and 1990. The rate has again dropped in the 1991 and from 1992 to 1994, the inflation remained below 2%. During 1997 to 1999, this country again experienced rate of inflation below 2%. During 1998, the country faced negative rate of inflation, which termed as deflation. However, it overcame this scenario and this rate went above 6% in 2001. However, it must be noted that the inflation rate has repeatedly fallen in the following periods and only become higher than 4% in the period of global financial crisis, but never went back to the higher level of the initial period, since then. In the recent period, the country has been experiencing moderate rate of inflation. By looking into the changes in the growth rate of Australia and changes in the rate of inflation over the years, relationship between these two can be identified. The movement of these two indicators has been represented in the following Figure 1. Figure 1: Trends in Growth Rate and Trends in Inflation Rate The trend in growth rate is downward sloping and inflation rate trend is also upward sloping Therefore, the movement of these indicators is in the same direction. As the inflation rate of the country has fallen, the growth rate of the economy has also decreased. However, the fall in the growth rate is not so significant as it is almost horizontal in nature. The economic intuition behind this is that, the countrys GDP is falling de to low price level. As the producers are not getting much value for their goods and services, they are less likely to produce more. As a result of this, the aggregate production of the country has been falling over the years. However, slope of the trend cannot determine the relationship between these two indicators of the economy. For that, correlation analysis is necessary. Table 4: Correlation Analysis Real GDP Growth Rate Inflation Real GDP Growth Rate 1 Inflation -0.237306 1 From the above Table 4, it can be seen that the relationship between rate of inflation and rate of growth is negatively correlated. This indicates that as inflation rate falls the growth rate of the country tends to increase and vice-versa. Therefore, inflation hampers the growth of the economy. However, the magnitude is not so significant, which indicates that the relationship is not so significant. The inflation rate of Australia has been kept lower by the Reserve Bank of Australia. RBAs targeted inflation rate is 2 to 3 percent. Since, the statistical data indicates inverse relationship of between these two variables; the government tries to keep inflation at a lower rate in order to improve the growth rate of the country. The government of this country adopts supply side policy like, reducing the minimum wage, reduction in the import tariff etc. These measures will reduce the cost of production and supplier will be able to charge fewer prices for the products. This will reduce the price level and thus increasing the aggregate demand of the economy. Demand side policies like tax cut; increase in government spending can lead to fall in the rate of inflation and increased in the aggregate demand, which will in turn, will increase the growth rate of the production, i.e., growth rate of the GDP. In addition to this the RBAs rise in the interest rate has kept the rate of inflation lower as the availability of cash is less now and less demand is to be generated, which in turn reduces the price level of the economy. (3). Australias unemployment rate has been collected for the period of 1980 to 2015. This rate is calculated in the following manner: Unemployment Rate = 100 The unemployment rate and the Real GDP Growth Rate of Australia has been represented in the following table. Table 5: Unemployment Rate and Growth Rate Year Unemployment Rate Real GDP Growth Rate 1980 6.21 - 1981 6.04 3.36 1982 6.66 3.32 1983 10.42 -2.23 1984 9.72 4.63 1985 9.18 5.25 1986 8.45 4.10 1987 8.97 2.57 1988 8.02 5.77 1989 6.67 3.88 1990 6.51 3.53 1991 9.59 -0.38 1992 10.90 0.40 1993 11.28 4.06 1994 10.78 4.04 1995 9.01 3.88 1996 8.80 3.95 1997 8.98 3.95 1998 8.22 4.44 1999 7.35 5.01 2000 6.88 3.87 2001 6.77 1.93 2002 6.74 3.86 2003 6.43 3.07 2004 5.71 4.15 2005 5.44 3.21 2006 5.12 2.98 2007 4.71 3.76 2008 4.30 3.71 2009 6.04 1.82 2010 5.75 2.02 2011 5.23 2.38 2012 5.50 3.63 2013 5.96 2.44 2014 6.23 2.50 2015 6.47 - It can be noticed that unemployment rate of this country was significantly higher in the period of 1983 to 1987. In 1988, this rate was more than 8%, however, since then the rate of unemployment has fallen till 1990. The unemployment rate of this country became severe once more during the periods of 1991 to 1998. In this phase, the rates were sometimes more than 10% and sometimes more than 8 to 9%. The unemployment rate was below 7% since 2000 and fallen below 5% only in the period of 2007 and 2008. However, the unemployment rate has augmented and the rate was never lower than 5% or 6% since then. Figure 2 From trend of growth rate of GDP is downward sloping and the unemployment trend of this country is downward sloping. This indicates a positive relationship between these two indicators. Since the trend of growth rate is flatter, this indicates that there is no significant change in the growth rate of the country. As GDP growth rate falls, the unemployment rate tends to fall. Hence, it is fascinating that as economy is growing less, the unemployment rate is also falling. This happens mostly when the labor market is flexible and the wage rate is flexible. Moreover, when the production declines, the companies do not lay off their number of workers engaged. In fact, they cut their cost by reducing the number of working hours of the labors (Shimer 2012). Due to labor market flexibility, the wages of labors are also flexible in nature. Therefore, the firm shrinks the wage instead of the numbers of workers already involved in the production process. Hence, the unemployment rate is not incre ased. An additional reason that causes decline of growth rate without rise in the unemployment rate is that, low productivity of the labors. Therefore, due to the low productivity of the labor, growth rate has decreased in Australia. The law of diminishing marginal returns can also explain the fall in productivity. As more labors are employed in the production process, the additional gain in output initially increases but eventually it tends to fall (Levine 2012). As in Australia, the growth rate has attained its level of saturation; thus, additional engagement of labors does not contribute much to the output. Therefore, there was a decline the level of production. As, more workers are associated in the production process; the employment of Australia has not gone down. The over-engagement of the workers caused decrease in the productivity of Australia, which in turn led to decrease in the growth rate of Australia, keeping employment unaffected. However, slope of the trend cannot det ermine the relationship between these two indicators of the economy. For that, correlation analysis is necessary. Table 6: Correlation Analysis Real GDP Growth Rate Unemployment Rate Real GDP Growth Rate 1 Unemployment Rate -0.13471 1 From the above Table 5, it can be seen that the relationship between rate of unemployment and rate of growth is negatively correlated, indicated by the negative value of the coefficient. This indicates that as unemployment rate falls the growth rate of the country tends to increase and vice-versa. Therefore, rise in growth rate reduces the unemployment of the economy. This supports the general economic theory that states that, as real growth rate of the economy increases, the unemployment rate tends to fall. This is because, as economy grows, demand is generated. In order to fulfill the demand the firm employs more labors to increase the production. The statistical finding is contradicting the trend analysis. However, the magnitude of the correlation coefficient is not so significant, which indicates that the relationship is not so significant. The government of Australia undertakes fiscal policies to diminish the unemployment rate. Measures like increase in government expenditure and tax cut can be used to elevate the aggregate demand. Hence, the labor demand has also increased. Hence, by expanding demand, the government improves the employment scenario of the country. Supply side instruments like creating opportunity in public sector; developing infrastructure and reducing minimum wage has been used to decline unemployment rate. In Australia, current high unemployment rate is structural in nature. The skill gap of labors has led to this kind of labor shortage, even if there is sufficient supply of labors in the economy (Janiak 2013). Therefore, the Australian government focused on providing proper education and training in order to bridge the gap between skill requirement and skill availability in the country. References Abs.gov.au.(2016).6401.0ConsumerPriceIndex,Australia,Mar2016. Databank.worldbank.org. (2016).World Development Indicators| World DataBank. Shimer, R., 2012. Reassessing the ins and outs of unemployment.Review of Economic Dynamics,15(2), pp.127-148. Janiak, A., 2013. Structural unemployment and the costs of firm entry and exit.Labour Economics,23, pp.1-19. Levine, L., 2012. Economic growth and the unemployment rate.

Disclosure of Goodwill Impairment †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Disclosure of Goodwill Impairment. Answer: Introduction: AASB 136 and IAS 36 Impairment of assets assure that an organizations asset is not written in the financial statement at the value which is more than its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount for the asset is higher among the value in use and the fair value less the disposal cost. Only exception to this is some intangible assets and the goodwill. All the organizations are required to conduct the test for impairment of its assets if there is any indication that the asset will be impaired. Further, the test can be carried on for the cash generating unit where the asset does not create any cash flow which is widely independent of those of the other assets (Linnenluecke et al. 2015). An organization shall assess at end of the each accounting period that whether any indication exists there for the impairment of any asset and if any indication is there, then the recoverable amount of the asset shall be measured. Various indications for impairment of assets are as follows External sources Reduction in the market value of the asset Negative changes with regard to markets, laws, technologies or economies Increase in the interest rate of the market Higher level of net asset of the company as compared to market capitalization Internal sources Physical damage or obsolescence The asset is held for disposal or it is idle or part of the asset is restructuring Worse performance as compared to the expectation Evidence required for impairment testing of Myers asset Flow of the asset it has been recognized from the given data flow of the company that the flow for all the stores of the company is either stable or has increased and for none of the asset any reduction trend is found for the past one year period. Therefore no indication of impairment is there. Asset base from the asset base of the company is recognized that the asset base for all the assets has not altered much and all the assets are maintaining more or less the same percentage of contribution towards total assets for last few years. Therefore, no indication of impairment is there (Malone, Tarca and Wee 2015). Asset turnover looking at the asset turnover ratio of the company, it is identified that the asset turnover ratio of Myer Holdings Ltd for the last few years are moving around 1.41 to 1.76. Therefore, it can be said that no significant increase or decrease is found with regard to the asset turnover ratio of the company. Therefore, this test also cannot establish that there is any indication for impairment. Procedures required to be addressed for determination of impairment AASB 136 for Impairment of assets requires the organization to annually test the assets for impairment and Myer holding Ltd follows this requirement. However, for testing the assets for the purpose of impairment, recoverable amount is found out through usage of value-in-use discounted cash flow model. This model utilises the cash flow forecasting on the basis of the financial budget that is approved by the management and it covers the period of five years. Further, the cash flow for the period of more than five years are extrapolated through usage of the terminal growth rate. Key assumptions utilised for the mode are as follows Rate of discount (pre-tax) at14.4% Rate of terminal growth at 2.5% Gross profit margin from operation at the rate of 39.5% Thereafter the management determines the fact that whether level of the future cash flows for the carrying value of the assets for the CGU of Myer further, during the period under consideration, the review for the assets carrying value for each of the store of the company is undertaken and identified whether indication of any impairment is exists. Where there is any indication, the assets recoverable amount was measured through discounted cash flow model. Major assumption for the model is consistent with the above mentioned assumptions. However, no impairment indication is recognized at Myer stores for the year ending 2016 of the companys operation. Information required for determination of impairment Other key information required for determining the impairment for Myer Holdings Ltd is as follows If the indication is there regarding an asset that it can be impaired, then the recoverable amount for the asset or for the assets cash generating unit shall be determined (Kabir, Rahman and Su 2017) The CGU or the asset is impaired on the condition that the carrying value of the asset is more than the recoverable value The recoverable value of intangible asset or goodwill with the indefinite useful life or the intangible assets those are not ready to be used on the date of report, are required to be valued at least per year basis, irrespective of the fact that there exists any indication of impairment or not. For the purpose of measurement, the recoverable value is stated as higher among the value in use and fair value less the selling cost (Bond, Govendir and Wells 2016) The amount of loss from impairment is identified as expense under the profit and loss account and is carried out at cost. Further, if the impacted asset is already a revalued asset under the permission of IAS 16 PPE (IAS 16) and the intangible asset (IAS 38) and impairment if any is 1st recorded against the revaluation recognized previously recognized as gains and then as the comprehensive income to the other assets. Wide disclosures are required for the rest of impairment and recognition of impairment loss (Guthrie and Pang 2013) Impairment loss that is recognized in the previous period for the goodwill or any asset must be reversed if any alteration is there with regard to the estimates that were used for determining the recoverable amount of the asset. Availability of flexibility from the management for determination of impairment It is recognized that the management of Myer Holdings Ltd is quite flexible in carrying out the tests for determining the impairment with regard to the asset. As per the requirement of AASB 136, they assure to carry out the test for impairment at least one in each year (Zhuang 2016). Further, the management determines various facts like determination of the fact that whether level of the future cash flows for the carrying value of the assets for the CGU of Myer. Moreover, the management carries out review for the assets carrying value for each of the store of the company is undertaken and identified whether indication of any impairment is exists. Where there is any indication, the assets recoverable amount was measured through discounted cash flow model. Major assumption for the model is consistent with the above mentioned assumptions (Bond, Govendir and Wells 2016). Further, the management of the company determines the recoverable value of the cash generating unit on the basis of VI U approach. Therefore, taking into consideration all these facts, it can be said that the management of Myer Holdings Ltd take active part and comply with all the requirements of AASB 136 for carrying out the procedures for impairment test and determination of impairment. Reference Bond, D., Govendir, B. and Wells, P., 2016. An evaluation of asset impairments by Australian firms and whether they were impacted by AASB 136.Accounting Finance,56(1), pp.259-288. Bond, D., Govendir, B. and Wells, P., 2016. An evaluation of asset impairment decisions by Australian firms and whether this was impacted by AASB 136. Guthrie, J. and Pang, T.T., 2013. Disclosure of Goodwill Impairment under AASB 136 from 20052010.Australian Accounting Review,23(3), pp.216-231. Kabir, H. and Rahman, A., 2016. The role of corporate governance in accounting discretion under IFRS: Goodwill impairment in Australia.Journal of Contemporary Accounting Economics,12(3), pp.290-308. Kabir, H., Rahman, A.R. and Su, L., 2017. The Association between Goodwill Impairment Loss and Goodwill Impairment Test-Related Disclosures in Australia. Linnenluecke, M.K., Birt, J., Lyon, J. and Sidhu, B.K., 2015. Planetary boundaries: implications for asset impairment.Accounting Finance,55(4), pp.911-929. Malone, L., Tarca, A. and Wee, M., 2015. Non-GAAP earnings disclosures and IFRS.Accounting and Finance. Zhuang, Z., 2016. Discussion of An evaluation of asset impairments by Australian firms and whether they were impacted by AASB 136.Accounting Finance,56(1), pp.289-294.

How to Write a College Essay About Sustainable Environment

How to Write a College Essay About Sustainable EnvironmentSample college essays on sustainability have become an essential part of the college application. A well written essay on this topic is not only helpful in helping to convince admissions officers that a student has something worth saying, but it also boosts the candidate's application. An environment focused essay is the perfect opportunity for students to really explore this topic, as well as to show how they can create change through their education. Here are some tips to help you write a powerful essay on sustainable environment.The first step to writing a great essay on sustainable environment is to put yourself in the student's shoes. This will make you more of an authentic representation of your personality and allow you to express how you would relate to the topic.Learn about your place in the world: If you find that you are deeply interested in the environment, think about your own place in the world. Is there a partic ular type of person that would be most attracted to the subject? How do you find your place in the world? How can your opinions about sustainability be applied to your life?Carefully consider the issue: Know what types of solutions you think would be best. You should think about the feasibility of implementing these ideas. Doing so will help you realize if you have what it takes to be an environmentalist, or if there are other solutions that you are better suited for.Structure your essay: Create a brief summary, followed by an extended summary, and then finally your main argument. Make sure that the essay flows well. When creating your main argument, make sure that you fully address the topic, and that you don't leave anything out. Also remember to be as concise as possible. The objective of the essay is to convince the reader that you know what you're talking about.Use examples: Even though you can use many short snippets of a single environmental issue in your essay, the best way to make it stick is to tell your story in words. Using examples will help you not only to make your point, but will make it easier for your readers to visualize the issues you are discussing. Instead of giving your reader one thing, let them see what it would be like to live in an environmentally friendly world.Write about something that is concrete: It's tempting to do research and then focus on something abstract when writing an essay, but this can lead to students writing a very boring essay. Focus on something that is concrete, and work on proving your points from a logical standpoint. For example, instead of talking about the physical and spiritual benefits of living in a green world, make your argument that living in a green world promotes people's health.As you can see, preparing for your essay is not that hard, but it does require that you take the time to be honest with yourself and with your students. Realize that your opinion on sustainability is personal, and that everyo ne has different motivations. Writing a quality essay on sustainable environment should not be a daunting task.

Civil Law Vs. Moral Law Essays - Death Customs, Antigone

"Civil Law vs. Moral law" In Sophocles' play "Antigone", Antigone's life is taken from her because of her choice to follow the moral law by burying her brother and disobeying the civil law, which forbid this. According to the gods everyone is entitled to the proper burial. Everyone has a right to be put to peace upon his or her death. Creon enforced an edict (the civil law) that Polyneices is not entitled to a proper burial because he is considered a traitor of Thebes. [p.199] Creon felt that if a person acted against the state he or she loses the right to be buried, and put to rest in peace. Antigone made the decision to bury her brother Polyneices, even though it was against Creon's edict. She had chosen to do what is right according to the gods, and bury her brother. The laws of the gods were more important to her then obey the law of the humans. Because she made the moral choice of siding with the gods, Creon, the king, sentenced her to death. She knew of this punishment before making her decision, but she felt overwhelmed that burying her brother was the moral, and righteous thing to do. She was willing to die for her brother. [p.209] When Antigone and Creon have the confrontation, Antigone tells Creon that heavens laws are more powerful than Creon's laws. Antigone reminds Creon that it is not the place of a mortal to question or amend the divine law under no circumstances. Antigone tells Creon that she has no sorrow for what she done nor will she back down. Creon views the laws of the state as the highest laws in existence. He is ignoring the divine laws, which are higher than any law that is created by man. Creon commits the sin of blasphemy, by claiming that the gods do not give a damn about Polyneices body. [p. 203] Creon believes that he is just in sentencing Antigone to death because she did not follow the civil law; however, she was following the more powerful law divine law. Due to the fact that Antigone had a stronger desire for following the moral law, Creon who enforced the civil law sentenced her to death.