The Gross Domestic Product

Questions: (1). Table : GDP Data for Countries A and B Country A $billions Country B $billions Household Consumption 150 150 Government Purchases 250 250 Transfer payments 50 60 Total Gross Fixed Capital Expenditures 50 150 Change in Inventories 50 -50 Exports 40 40 Imports 20 20 Consider the data in table 1 for two countries: A and B. a. a. Calculate the GDP for both countries. b. Discuss the usefulness of these data in deciding which, if any, of these two countries is likely to be experiencing an economic recession. 2. Obtain Australia's real GDP and CPI data from 1980 to 2015. Calculate the annual growth rates of real GDP and inflation and graph both series together. Is/are there some interesting or salient relationship(s) between those two series? Provide and discuss plausible economic explanation(s), including change in economic events and change in government policy, for the relationship(s) you identified. 3. Obtain Australia's real GDP and unemployment data from 1980 to 2015. Calculate the growth rates of real GDP and unemployment and graph both series together. Is/are there some interesting or salient relationship(s) between those two series? Provide and discuss plausible economic explanation(s), including change in economic events and change in government policy, for the relationship(s) you identified. Answers: (1). Table 1: Data for country A and B Country A ( Billion $) Country B ( Billion $) Household Consumption 150 150 Government Purchases 250 250 Transfer Payments 50 60 Total Gross Fixed Capital Expenditures 50 150 Change in Inventories 50 -50 Exports 40 40 Imports 20 20 a. The Gross Domestic Product is the primary indicator that measure well being or strength of the economy in terms of total production. It is a measure of aggregate final goods and services produced in a country for final consumption. Investment; Government expenditure; consumption and trade balance are the components of Gross Domestic product. Among the above components, transfer payment will not be considered while calculating the Gross Domestic Product. The one-way transfers of money that involves no exchange of goods and services; do not create any value to the nations production. The gross fixed capital expenditure is the component of investment. However, the inventory is the difference between production and actual sales. When the gap is positive, it implies investment has been made for inventory. Hence, changes in inventories are considered as an element of the investment. GDP = Government Expenditure (G) + Investment (I) + Consumption (C) + [Export (X) Import (M)]. GDP for Country A = Government Purchases + Inventories + Total Gross Fixed Capital Expenditure + Household Consumption + (Export Import) GDPA= 250 + 50 + 50 + 150 + (40-20)] Billion Dollars GDPA= 520 Billion Dollars GDP for Country B = Government Purchases + Inventories + Total Gross Fixed Capital Expenditure + Household Consumption + (Export Import) GDPB= 250 - 50 + 150 + 150 + (40-20)] Billion Dollars GDPB= 520 Billion Dollars b. From the given data in Table 1, it has been found that the GDP of these two countries are same. By observing the data, it can be said that the values of each components, except investment variables, are same. Since the GDP value is same for both countries, it is not possible to distinguish the future growth of the country. It cannot be said which countrys condition is better and whose not. However, the components of investment are different in both the countries. Hence, by comparing these two, the scenario of each country can be analyzed. Gross Fixed Capital Expenditure includes the changes in net physical assets. It excludes exchange of lands but takes into account, the improved land whose value has been augmented. When the fixed capital expenditure increases, it implies that the country is investing more in fixed capital expenditure as it is sufficient to do so. In the given case, the gross fixed capital expenditure is more in country B than A. Hence, economic condition is bette r in B. Again when the inventory is increasing, it implies that produced goods are not sold. This also indicates lack of demand and supplier will reduce its production. As the production falls due to lack of demand, it signifies possibility of recession in that nation. In the given case, the inventory is accumulating country A and clearing in B. therefore, it can be said that country B is in better position. Combining the scenario, it can be said that country A is expected to face recessionary phase in the near future. (2). Australias Real GDP at constant 2005 US Dollar has been collected for the period of 1980 to 2015. From this data, real GDP can be calculated in the following way. Growth Rate of Real GDP = 100 The Real GDP and calculated real GDP Growth Rate of Australia are given in the following table. Table 2: Real GDP and Growth Rate Year Real GDP (Constant 2005 $US) Real GDP Growth Rate 1980 305,649,174,623 - 1981 315,913,311,664 3.36 1982 326,405,727,600 3.32 1983 319,124,920,882 -2.23 1984 333,891,256,176 4.63 1985 351,418,812,598 5.25 1986 365,832,353,236 4.10 1987 375,250,680,515 2.57 1988 396,899,035,562 5.77 1989 412,293,558,478 3.88 1990 426,843,954,277 3.53 1991 425,222,444,977 -0.38 1992 426,919,112,438 0.40 1993 444,252,603,756 4.06 1994 462,191,286,542 4.04 1995 480,119,873,455 3.88 1996 499,080,482,890 3.95 1997 518,780,895,427 3.95 1998 541,805,654,425 4.44 1999 568,934,385,594 5.01 2000 590,944,509,406 3.87 2001 602,346,114,749 1.93 2002 625,576,717,369 3.86 2003 644,786,919,208 3.07 2004 671,541,542,213 4.15 2005 693,075,477,372 3.21 2006 713,749,019,841 2.98 2007 740,569,266,017 3.76 2008 768,019,943,343 3.71 2009 781,995,435,291 1.82 2010 797,777,527,534 2.02 2011 816,761,133,123 2.38 2012 846,431,780,635 3.63 2013 867,085,131,359 2.44 2014 888,760,969,615 2.50 The growth rate of this country changed over the period. In 1983 and 1991, there was a fall in the value of real GDP and hence growth rate has negative value. In spite of having positive rate of growth, the rate was considerably lower in the period of 1992; 2001 and 2009. The slow rate of growth takes place because of the recessionary phase of the country. Australias Consumer Price Index has been collected for the period of 1980 to 2015. From this data, the inflation rate of the country can be calculated in the following way. Rate of Inflation= 100 The Consumer Price Index and calculated inflation rate of Australia are given in the following table. Table 3: CPI and Inflation Year CPI (Base Year: 2012) Inflation Rate 1980 25.4 - 1981 27.8 9.45 1982 30.8 10.79 1983 34.3 11.36 1984 36.3 5.83 1985 37.9 4.41 1986 41.4 9.23 1987 45.3 9.42 1988 48.4 6.84 1989 51.7 6.82 1990 56.2 8.70 1991 58.9 4.80 1992 59.9 1.70 1993 60.6 1.17 1994 61.5 1.49 1995 63.8 3.74 1996 66.2 3.76 1997 67.1 1.36 1998 67 -0.15 1999 67.8 1.19 2000 69.7 2.80 2001 73.9 6.03 2002 76.1 2.98 2003 78.6 3.29 2004 80.2 2.04 2005 82.1 2.37 2006 84.5 2.92 2007 86.6 2.49 2008 90.3 4.27 2009 92.5 2.44 2010 95.2 2.92 2011 98.3 3.26 2012 99.9 1.63 2013 102.4 2.50 2014 105.4 2.93 The rate of inflation in Australia was terrifically higher during the early 1980s, which was amounted to more than 10%. However, in the following year the inflation rate has been jumped down to below 6% and even below 5% in 1984- 85. In early 1980s, this country was deregulated and liberalized. However, the rate showed a decline, mounted up in 1986- 87 and 1990. The rate has again dropped in the 1991 and from 1992 to 1994, the inflation remained below 2%. During 1997 to 1999, this country again experienced rate of inflation below 2%. During 1998, the country faced negative rate of inflation, which termed as deflation. However, it overcame this scenario and this rate went above 6% in 2001. However, it must be noted that the inflation rate has repeatedly fallen in the following periods and only become higher than 4% in the period of global financial crisis, but never went back to the higher level of the initial period, since then. In the recent period, the country has been experiencing moderate rate of inflation. By looking into the changes in the growth rate of Australia and changes in the rate of inflation over the years, relationship between these two can be identified. The movement of these two indicators has been represented in the following Figure 1. Figure 1: Trends in Growth Rate and Trends in Inflation Rate The trend in growth rate is downward sloping and inflation rate trend is also upward sloping Therefore, the movement of these indicators is in the same direction. As the inflation rate of the country has fallen, the growth rate of the economy has also decreased. However, the fall in the growth rate is not so significant as it is almost horizontal in nature. The economic intuition behind this is that, the countrys GDP is falling de to low price level. As the producers are not getting much value for their goods and services, they are less likely to produce more. As a result of this, the aggregate production of the country has been falling over the years. However, slope of the trend cannot determine the relationship between these two indicators of the economy. For that, correlation analysis is necessary. Table 4: Correlation Analysis Real GDP Growth Rate Inflation Real GDP Growth Rate 1 Inflation -0.237306 1 From the above Table 4, it can be seen that the relationship between rate of inflation and rate of growth is negatively correlated. This indicates that as inflation rate falls the growth rate of the country tends to increase and vice-versa. Therefore, inflation hampers the growth of the economy. However, the magnitude is not so significant, which indicates that the relationship is not so significant. The inflation rate of Australia has been kept lower by the Reserve Bank of Australia. RBAs targeted inflation rate is 2 to 3 percent. Since, the statistical data indicates inverse relationship of between these two variables; the government tries to keep inflation at a lower rate in order to improve the growth rate of the country. The government of this country adopts supply side policy like, reducing the minimum wage, reduction in the import tariff etc. These measures will reduce the cost of production and supplier will be able to charge fewer prices for the products. This will reduce the price level and thus increasing the aggregate demand of the economy. Demand side policies like tax cut; increase in government spending can lead to fall in the rate of inflation and increased in the aggregate demand, which will in turn, will increase the growth rate of the production, i.e., growth rate of the GDP. In addition to this the RBAs rise in the interest rate has kept the rate of inflation lower as the availability of cash is less now and less demand is to be generated, which in turn reduces the price level of the economy. (3). Australias unemployment rate has been collected for the period of 1980 to 2015. This rate is calculated in the following manner: Unemployment Rate = 100 The unemployment rate and the Real GDP Growth Rate of Australia has been represented in the following table. Table 5: Unemployment Rate and Growth Rate Year Unemployment Rate Real GDP Growth Rate 1980 6.21 - 1981 6.04 3.36 1982 6.66 3.32 1983 10.42 -2.23 1984 9.72 4.63 1985 9.18 5.25 1986 8.45 4.10 1987 8.97 2.57 1988 8.02 5.77 1989 6.67 3.88 1990 6.51 3.53 1991 9.59 -0.38 1992 10.90 0.40 1993 11.28 4.06 1994 10.78 4.04 1995 9.01 3.88 1996 8.80 3.95 1997 8.98 3.95 1998 8.22 4.44 1999 7.35 5.01 2000 6.88 3.87 2001 6.77 1.93 2002 6.74 3.86 2003 6.43 3.07 2004 5.71 4.15 2005 5.44 3.21 2006 5.12 2.98 2007 4.71 3.76 2008 4.30 3.71 2009 6.04 1.82 2010 5.75 2.02 2011 5.23 2.38 2012 5.50 3.63 2013 5.96 2.44 2014 6.23 2.50 2015 6.47 - It can be noticed that unemployment rate of this country was significantly higher in the period of 1983 to 1987. In 1988, this rate was more than 8%, however, since then the rate of unemployment has fallen till 1990. The unemployment rate of this country became severe once more during the periods of 1991 to 1998. In this phase, the rates were sometimes more than 10% and sometimes more than 8 to 9%. The unemployment rate was below 7% since 2000 and fallen below 5% only in the period of 2007 and 2008. However, the unemployment rate has augmented and the rate was never lower than 5% or 6% since then. Figure 2 From trend of growth rate of GDP is downward sloping and the unemployment trend of this country is downward sloping. This indicates a positive relationship between these two indicators. Since the trend of growth rate is flatter, this indicates that there is no significant change in the growth rate of the country. As GDP growth rate falls, the unemployment rate tends to fall. Hence, it is fascinating that as economy is growing less, the unemployment rate is also falling. This happens mostly when the labor market is flexible and the wage rate is flexible. Moreover, when the production declines, the companies do not lay off their number of workers engaged. In fact, they cut their cost by reducing the number of working hours of the labors (Shimer 2012). Due to labor market flexibility, the wages of labors are also flexible in nature. Therefore, the firm shrinks the wage instead of the numbers of workers already involved in the production process. Hence, the unemployment rate is not incre ased. An additional reason that causes decline of growth rate without rise in the unemployment rate is that, low productivity of the labors. Therefore, due to the low productivity of the labor, growth rate has decreased in Australia. The law of diminishing marginal returns can also explain the fall in productivity. As more labors are employed in the production process, the additional gain in output initially increases but eventually it tends to fall (Levine 2012). As in Australia, the growth rate has attained its level of saturation; thus, additional engagement of labors does not contribute much to the output. Therefore, there was a decline the level of production. As, more workers are associated in the production process; the employment of Australia has not gone down. The over-engagement of the workers caused decrease in the productivity of Australia, which in turn led to decrease in the growth rate of Australia, keeping employment unaffected. However, slope of the trend cannot det ermine the relationship between these two indicators of the economy. For that, correlation analysis is necessary. Table 6: Correlation Analysis Real GDP Growth Rate Unemployment Rate Real GDP Growth Rate 1 Unemployment Rate -0.13471 1 From the above Table 5, it can be seen that the relationship between rate of unemployment and rate of growth is negatively correlated, indicated by the negative value of the coefficient. This indicates that as unemployment rate falls the growth rate of the country tends to increase and vice-versa. Therefore, rise in growth rate reduces the unemployment of the economy. This supports the general economic theory that states that, as real growth rate of the economy increases, the unemployment rate tends to fall. This is because, as economy grows, demand is generated. In order to fulfill the demand the firm employs more labors to increase the production. The statistical finding is contradicting the trend analysis. However, the magnitude of the correlation coefficient is not so significant, which indicates that the relationship is not so significant. The government of Australia undertakes fiscal policies to diminish the unemployment rate. Measures like increase in government expenditure and tax cut can be used to elevate the aggregate demand. Hence, the labor demand has also increased. Hence, by expanding demand, the government improves the employment scenario of the country. Supply side instruments like creating opportunity in public sector; developing infrastructure and reducing minimum wage has been used to decline unemployment rate. In Australia, current high unemployment rate is structural in nature. The skill gap of labors has led to this kind of labor shortage, even if there is sufficient supply of labors in the economy (Janiak 2013). Therefore, the Australian government focused on providing proper education and training in order to bridge the gap between skill requirement and skill availability in the country. References Abs.gov.au.(2016).6401.0ConsumerPriceIndex,Australia,Mar2016. Databank.worldbank.org. (2016).World Development Indicators| World DataBank. Shimer, R., 2012. Reassessing the ins and outs of unemployment.Review of Economic Dynamics,15(2), pp.127-148. Janiak, A., 2013. Structural unemployment and the costs of firm entry and exit.Labour Economics,23, pp.1-19. Levine, L., 2012. Economic growth and the unemployment rate.

Disclosure of Goodwill Impairment †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Disclosure of Goodwill Impairment. Answer: Introduction: AASB 136 and IAS 36 Impairment of assets assure that an organizations asset is not written in the financial statement at the value which is more than its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount for the asset is higher among the value in use and the fair value less the disposal cost. Only exception to this is some intangible assets and the goodwill. All the organizations are required to conduct the test for impairment of its assets if there is any indication that the asset will be impaired. Further, the test can be carried on for the cash generating unit where the asset does not create any cash flow which is widely independent of those of the other assets (Linnenluecke et al. 2015). An organization shall assess at end of the each accounting period that whether any indication exists there for the impairment of any asset and if any indication is there, then the recoverable amount of the asset shall be measured. Various indications for impairment of assets are as follows External sources Reduction in the market value of the asset Negative changes with regard to markets, laws, technologies or economies Increase in the interest rate of the market Higher level of net asset of the company as compared to market capitalization Internal sources Physical damage or obsolescence The asset is held for disposal or it is idle or part of the asset is restructuring Worse performance as compared to the expectation Evidence required for impairment testing of Myers asset Flow of the asset it has been recognized from the given data flow of the company that the flow for all the stores of the company is either stable or has increased and for none of the asset any reduction trend is found for the past one year period. Therefore no indication of impairment is there. Asset base from the asset base of the company is recognized that the asset base for all the assets has not altered much and all the assets are maintaining more or less the same percentage of contribution towards total assets for last few years. Therefore, no indication of impairment is there (Malone, Tarca and Wee 2015). Asset turnover looking at the asset turnover ratio of the company, it is identified that the asset turnover ratio of Myer Holdings Ltd for the last few years are moving around 1.41 to 1.76. Therefore, it can be said that no significant increase or decrease is found with regard to the asset turnover ratio of the company. Therefore, this test also cannot establish that there is any indication for impairment. Procedures required to be addressed for determination of impairment AASB 136 for Impairment of assets requires the organization to annually test the assets for impairment and Myer holding Ltd follows this requirement. However, for testing the assets for the purpose of impairment, recoverable amount is found out through usage of value-in-use discounted cash flow model. This model utilises the cash flow forecasting on the basis of the financial budget that is approved by the management and it covers the period of five years. Further, the cash flow for the period of more than five years are extrapolated through usage of the terminal growth rate. Key assumptions utilised for the mode are as follows Rate of discount (pre-tax) at14.4% Rate of terminal growth at 2.5% Gross profit margin from operation at the rate of 39.5% Thereafter the management determines the fact that whether level of the future cash flows for the carrying value of the assets for the CGU of Myer further, during the period under consideration, the review for the assets carrying value for each of the store of the company is undertaken and identified whether indication of any impairment is exists. Where there is any indication, the assets recoverable amount was measured through discounted cash flow model. Major assumption for the model is consistent with the above mentioned assumptions. However, no impairment indication is recognized at Myer stores for the year ending 2016 of the companys operation. Information required for determination of impairment Other key information required for determining the impairment for Myer Holdings Ltd is as follows If the indication is there regarding an asset that it can be impaired, then the recoverable amount for the asset or for the assets cash generating unit shall be determined (Kabir, Rahman and Su 2017) The CGU or the asset is impaired on the condition that the carrying value of the asset is more than the recoverable value The recoverable value of intangible asset or goodwill with the indefinite useful life or the intangible assets those are not ready to be used on the date of report, are required to be valued at least per year basis, irrespective of the fact that there exists any indication of impairment or not. For the purpose of measurement, the recoverable value is stated as higher among the value in use and fair value less the selling cost (Bond, Govendir and Wells 2016) The amount of loss from impairment is identified as expense under the profit and loss account and is carried out at cost. Further, if the impacted asset is already a revalued asset under the permission of IAS 16 PPE (IAS 16) and the intangible asset (IAS 38) and impairment if any is 1st recorded against the revaluation recognized previously recognized as gains and then as the comprehensive income to the other assets. Wide disclosures are required for the rest of impairment and recognition of impairment loss (Guthrie and Pang 2013) Impairment loss that is recognized in the previous period for the goodwill or any asset must be reversed if any alteration is there with regard to the estimates that were used for determining the recoverable amount of the asset. Availability of flexibility from the management for determination of impairment It is recognized that the management of Myer Holdings Ltd is quite flexible in carrying out the tests for determining the impairment with regard to the asset. As per the requirement of AASB 136, they assure to carry out the test for impairment at least one in each year (Zhuang 2016). Further, the management determines various facts like determination of the fact that whether level of the future cash flows for the carrying value of the assets for the CGU of Myer. Moreover, the management carries out review for the assets carrying value for each of the store of the company is undertaken and identified whether indication of any impairment is exists. Where there is any indication, the assets recoverable amount was measured through discounted cash flow model. Major assumption for the model is consistent with the above mentioned assumptions (Bond, Govendir and Wells 2016). Further, the management of the company determines the recoverable value of the cash generating unit on the basis of VI U approach. Therefore, taking into consideration all these facts, it can be said that the management of Myer Holdings Ltd take active part and comply with all the requirements of AASB 136 for carrying out the procedures for impairment test and determination of impairment. Reference Bond, D., Govendir, B. and Wells, P., 2016. An evaluation of asset impairments by Australian firms and whether they were impacted by AASB 136.Accounting Finance,56(1), pp.259-288. Bond, D., Govendir, B. and Wells, P., 2016. An evaluation of asset impairment decisions by Australian firms and whether this was impacted by AASB 136. Guthrie, J. and Pang, T.T., 2013. Disclosure of Goodwill Impairment under AASB 136 from 20052010.Australian Accounting Review,23(3), pp.216-231. Kabir, H. and Rahman, A., 2016. The role of corporate governance in accounting discretion under IFRS: Goodwill impairment in Australia.Journal of Contemporary Accounting Economics,12(3), pp.290-308. Kabir, H., Rahman, A.R. and Su, L., 2017. The Association between Goodwill Impairment Loss and Goodwill Impairment Test-Related Disclosures in Australia. Linnenluecke, M.K., Birt, J., Lyon, J. and Sidhu, B.K., 2015. Planetary boundaries: implications for asset impairment.Accounting Finance,55(4), pp.911-929. Malone, L., Tarca, A. and Wee, M., 2015. Non-GAAP earnings disclosures and IFRS.Accounting and Finance. Zhuang, Z., 2016. Discussion of An evaluation of asset impairments by Australian firms and whether they were impacted by AASB 136.Accounting Finance,56(1), pp.289-294.

How to Write a College Essay About Sustainable Environment

How to Write a College Essay About Sustainable EnvironmentSample college essays on sustainability have become an essential part of the college application. A well written essay on this topic is not only helpful in helping to convince admissions officers that a student has something worth saying, but it also boosts the candidate's application. An environment focused essay is the perfect opportunity for students to really explore this topic, as well as to show how they can create change through their education. Here are some tips to help you write a powerful essay on sustainable environment.The first step to writing a great essay on sustainable environment is to put yourself in the student's shoes. This will make you more of an authentic representation of your personality and allow you to express how you would relate to the topic.Learn about your place in the world: If you find that you are deeply interested in the environment, think about your own place in the world. Is there a partic ular type of person that would be most attracted to the subject? How do you find your place in the world? How can your opinions about sustainability be applied to your life?Carefully consider the issue: Know what types of solutions you think would be best. You should think about the feasibility of implementing these ideas. Doing so will help you realize if you have what it takes to be an environmentalist, or if there are other solutions that you are better suited for.Structure your essay: Create a brief summary, followed by an extended summary, and then finally your main argument. Make sure that the essay flows well. When creating your main argument, make sure that you fully address the topic, and that you don't leave anything out. Also remember to be as concise as possible. The objective of the essay is to convince the reader that you know what you're talking about.Use examples: Even though you can use many short snippets of a single environmental issue in your essay, the best way to make it stick is to tell your story in words. Using examples will help you not only to make your point, but will make it easier for your readers to visualize the issues you are discussing. Instead of giving your reader one thing, let them see what it would be like to live in an environmentally friendly world.Write about something that is concrete: It's tempting to do research and then focus on something abstract when writing an essay, but this can lead to students writing a very boring essay. Focus on something that is concrete, and work on proving your points from a logical standpoint. For example, instead of talking about the physical and spiritual benefits of living in a green world, make your argument that living in a green world promotes people's health.As you can see, preparing for your essay is not that hard, but it does require that you take the time to be honest with yourself and with your students. Realize that your opinion on sustainability is personal, and that everyo ne has different motivations. Writing a quality essay on sustainable environment should not be a daunting task.

Civil Law Vs. Moral Law Essays - Death Customs, Antigone

"Civil Law vs. Moral law" In Sophocles' play "Antigone", Antigone's life is taken from her because of her choice to follow the moral law by burying her brother and disobeying the civil law, which forbid this. According to the gods everyone is entitled to the proper burial. Everyone has a right to be put to peace upon his or her death. Creon enforced an edict (the civil law) that Polyneices is not entitled to a proper burial because he is considered a traitor of Thebes. [p.199] Creon felt that if a person acted against the state he or she loses the right to be buried, and put to rest in peace. Antigone made the decision to bury her brother Polyneices, even though it was against Creon's edict. She had chosen to do what is right according to the gods, and bury her brother. The laws of the gods were more important to her then obey the law of the humans. Because she made the moral choice of siding with the gods, Creon, the king, sentenced her to death. She knew of this punishment before making her decision, but she felt overwhelmed that burying her brother was the moral, and righteous thing to do. She was willing to die for her brother. [p.209] When Antigone and Creon have the confrontation, Antigone tells Creon that heavens laws are more powerful than Creon's laws. Antigone reminds Creon that it is not the place of a mortal to question or amend the divine law under no circumstances. Antigone tells Creon that she has no sorrow for what she done nor will she back down. Creon views the laws of the state as the highest laws in existence. He is ignoring the divine laws, which are higher than any law that is created by man. Creon commits the sin of blasphemy, by claiming that the gods do not give a damn about Polyneices body. [p. 203] Creon believes that he is just in sentencing Antigone to death because she did not follow the civil law; however, she was following the more powerful law divine law. Due to the fact that Antigone had a stronger desire for following the moral law, Creon who enforced the civil law sentenced her to death.

Cómo saber si un migrante está detenido por la migra

Cà ³mo saber si un migrante est detenido por la migra Para saber si un inmigrante est detenido por Inmigracià ³n en Estados Unidos hay que partir del hecho de que no hay listados de detenidos, sin embargo se puede seguir una estrategia buscar y encontrar los nombres de los migrantes en custodia y en quà © prisià ³n estn. En este artà ­culo se explica cà ³mo funciona la base de datos del ICE, la agencia del gobierno encargada de detener a migrantes y que sirve para confirmar si la persona que se busca est detenida y, en caso afirmativo, dà ³nde. Asimismo, se informa sobre quà © hacer cuando el nombre de la persona que se busca no aparece y cuando es necesario contratar a un abogado. Finalmente, se hace una referencia al tiempo que un migrante puede permanecer detenido, a las condiciones de los centros de detencià ³n y cà ³mo buscar a un detenido en una prisià ³n federal o local por un asunto diferente a migracià ³n. Cà ³mo saber si un inmigrante se encuentra detenido por la migra ICE mantiene una base de datos donde puede se puede buscar a las personas que se sospecha han sido detenidas por inmigracià ³n. Puede elegirse el idioma en la parte superior derecha donde pone select a language y con la flechita escoger espaà ±ol, si asà ­ se desea. Es una pgina segura de utilizar donde aplican unos criterios fuertes de confidencialidad. Es decir, a la persona que busca no se le pide ningà ºn dato ni que se identifique o registre de ninguna manera ni tampoco se guarda informacià ³n sobre computadora o IP desde la que se realiza la bà ºsqueda. Clases de bà ºsqueda en base de datos demigrantes detenidos Puede realizarse dos clases de bà ºsqueda. La primera es la conocida como por nà ºmero de extranjero (A-Number)  que es un nà ºmero que tienen tanto los residentes permanentes legales (RPL) como todo migrante que ha tenido contacto con migracià ³n, ya que es el nà ºmero con el que se le identifica. Por ejemplo, es un nà ºmero que aparece tambià ©n en los permisos de trabajo conocidos por sus siglas en inglà ©s de EAD. La segunda bà ºsqueda est reservada para todos los dems inmigrantes, es decir, cuando no tienen ese nà ºmero o no se sabe  y se conoce como  bà ºsqueda  por informacià ³n biogrfica. En estos casos es necesario el nombre, apellido y paà ­s de nacimiento de la persona que se desea encontrar. Tambià ©n ayuda conocer su fecha exacta de nacimiento, aunque à ©ste es un dato que no es necesario. Sà ­ puede ser muy conveniente porque hay nombres y apellidos muy comunes, como por ejemplo Juan Garcà ­a o Josà © Rodrà ­guez, y pueden aparecer varias personas con el mismo nombre, y no ser ninguna la que se busca. No se puede encontrar en este sistema a la persona que han dado un nombre falso, a menos que quien la busca sepa cul es. Si aparece el nombre de la persona que se busca, se sabr donde est detenida. Buscar la pgina de internet del centro e informarse sobre las reglas para recibir llamadas, llamarla o enviarle dinero o cosas y seguir las instrucciones. Personas que no estn incluidas en la base de datos del ICE De los siguientes detenidos no se encuentra informacià ³n: 1.  Menores de 18 aà ±os. 2.  Inmigrantes que han sido puestos en libertad hace ms de 60 dà ­as. En este caso estn incluidas las personas que pueden haber sido deportadas o han salido del paà ­s voluntariamente. Tener en cuenta que las personas recià ©n detenidas pueden demorarse unos dà ­as en aparecer en el sistema. Adems las personas que utilizan nombres falsos aparece con estos, por lo que es necesario conocerlos. Por à ºltimo es posible que los apellidos o el nombre està ©n mal deletreados. Es recomendable en estos casos intentar varias opciones a la hora de escribir un nombre, si con la forma correcta no aparece el que se busca. Cà ³mo obtener de ERO informacià ³n sobre migrantes detenidos Si un migrante del que se sospecha que est detenido no aparece en la base de datos del ICE se puede checar con el oficial de migracià ³n del ERO. Cabe destacar que solamente la familia de un inmigrante detenido o sus representantes legales pueden tener acceso a esa informacià ³n. Para ello deben dirigirse a la oficina del ICE encargada de Ejecucià ³n Legal y Operaciones de Expulsià ³n (ERO, por sus siglas en inglà ©s), que es la responsable de ese caso inmigratorio. Si no sabe exactamente quà © oficina lleva el asunto, puede contactar con la que crea que ha podido iniciar el caso, por ejemplo, la que corresponda a su lugar de domicilio, si es que vivà ­a en Estados Unidos. Si se trata de un inmigrante que acaba de cruzar ilegalmente la frontera, ponerse en contacto con la oficina que corresponda al lugar por donde se crea que se ha hecho el cruce. Adems, los mexicanos tanto en Estados Unidos como en Mà ©xico, pueden marcar al telà ©fono del CIAM, donde brindan informacià ³n para encontrar personas en ms bases de datos y otro tipo de ayuda, como informacià ³n para enviar dinero a un detenido o avisos a familiares de personas en prisià ³n. Este es el telà ©fono y cà ³mo marcar y a quà © horas. Cundo es necesario un abogado para encontrar a una persona detenida por la migra Si un migrante del que se cree que est detenido por Inmigracià ³n no aparece en la base de datos del ICE y/o el oficial migratorio del ERO a cargo de un detenido se niega a dar informacià ³n de dà ³nde est, la solucià ³n es contratar a un abogado migratorio de buena reputacià ³n, que est habilitado para realizar la bà ºsqueda. Adems, un abogado puede ser siempre la mejor opcià ³n para solicitar que se fije una fianza para que el migrante està © libre mientras resuelven su caso o para decidir cul es la mejor estrategia legal. Frecuentemente los migrantes detenidos aceptan un arreglo de salida voluntaria pensando que es lo mejor, pero podrà ­an tener opciones realistas para otros alivios migratorios como por ejemplo un TPS, DACA para muchachos que llegaron a EE.UU. siendo nià ±os, asilo o cancelacià ³n de la remocià ³n. Cà ³mo visitar a una persona detenida por la migra Si al buscar en esta pgina web a un inmigrante encuentra que est â€Å"bajo custodia†, entonces selecciones â€Å"actual centro de detencià ³n†, donde se le dir dà ³nde est y quà © debe hacer para visitarlo, si asà ­ lo desea. Se recomienda que antes de emprender el viaje contacte directamente con el centro y confirme que la persona sigue allà ­ detenida. Hay que subrayar que para realizar la visita se necesita tener un ID con fotografà ­a emitido por una agencia del gobierno. Es muy recomendable que solo vayan de visita a una crcel las personas que se encuentran legalmente en Estados Unidos, como por ejemplo los ciudadanos americanos, los residentes permanentes, o las personas con una visa en regla. Adems, se puede consultar el artà ­culo sobre informacià ³n especà ­fica de cà ³mo marcar, visitar, enviar dinero y averiguar sobre fianza para los casos de migrantes en los centros de detencià ³n de Texas. Cà ³mo saber el estatus de un caso en Corte migratoria Si el asunto corresponde a un Tribunal de Inmigracià ³n se puede llamar al 1-800-898-7180. Si ya se ha recurrido y est ante la Junta de Apelaciones de Inmigracià ³n (BIA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s), se puede llamar al (703) 605-1007. Cunto tiempo tiempo puede estar un migrante detenido Depende principalmente del caso de cada uno pero incluso entran en juego otros factores como cun llenas està ©n las prisiones pero puede variar desde unos dà ­as a semanas, meses e incluso, aà ±os. En la actualidad se est aplicando la polà ­tica de tolerancia cero en la frontera, lo cual ha alargado el tiempo que los migrantes pasan detenidos. Cà ³mo son las prisiones migratorias No es posible establecer una unificacià ³n de caracterà ­sticas de las ms de 200 prisiones en las que estn encerrados los migrantes por violaciones migratorias porque varà ­an segà ºn tamaà ±o y tambià ©n segà ºn quià ©n las gestione. Algunas son de ICE, otras son rentadas a condados o ciudades locales y otras son administradas por empresas privadas. En la actualidad, ms del 60% de migrantes detenidos estn en prisiones privadas, lo cual le cuesta al gobierno federal $149,58 por inmigrante al dà ­a. Finalmente, destacar que un migrante puede ser trasladado de una prisià ³n a otra sin aviso previo, incluso puede ser enviado a un estado muy lejano de donde residà ­a o de donde fue agarrado por la migra. Cà ³mo buscar migrantes en prisiones no migratorias Si se cree que un familiar est detenido pero no aparece en la base de datos de Inmigracià ³n es posible hacer una bà ºsqueda en internet para saber si una persona est detenida en alguna de las prisiones federales  que no tienen que ver con asuntos migratorios. En estos casos hay que saber como mà ­nimo el nombre y el apellido del inmigrante que se busca. Tambià ©n es posible que està ©n en un centro que depende de un condado u otra autoridad local. Si tampoco asà ­ se le encuentra, es posible utilizar un conjunto de bases de datos y estrategias de bà ºsquedas en internet con el fin de dar con la persona que se busca. Por à ºltimo, cabe destacar que cuando una autoridad estatal o local arresta a un migrante, es posible que Inmigracià ³n coloque un hold que, de ejecutarse, llevarà ­a al migrante a cumplir la primera detencià ³n y al finalizarla, serà ­a entregado a la migra. Puntos clave para encontrar a un detenido por la migra Buscar primero en la base de datos de ICE de migrantes detenidosSi no aparece, contactar con EROLos abogados migratorios pueden encontrar esa informacià ³nLos detenidos pueden recibir y hacer llamadas y recibir dinero, paquetes y visitas Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Technology discuss about ( IGES) & (X3D) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Technology discuss about ( IGES) & (X3D) - Essay Example The researcher compared the results between IGES and Web-Based 3D XML format after carrying the observations. This study collected secondary data was collected prior to the study to analyze and compare with findings of research already conducted in this field. 3D XML is a lightweight XML-based standard. It uses NURBS to represent graphic objects such as freeform surfaces and tessellating polygons. XML schema also includes product geometry, structure, and graphical display properties (3D XML 2008). Enables authors and designers to convey 3D information from various systems using a simpler and more direct syntax than straight VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language (An Approach to Accessing Product Data across System and Software Revisions, 2007) The IGES format is a neutral data format used to transfer the design to a dissimilar system. IGES is a commonly used for data interchange of 2D and 3D CAD model. It is also used to illustrate simple figures of CAD or "drawing" applications. IGES files include parameters of the IGES object such as; its version number, model size, and encoded elements. In March 1994, The IGES Project committee approved the registration of the format as a MIME data type. The above discussion highlights the existence of more advantages than disadvantages when comparing 3D XML to other formats. It also highlights the more advantages than disadvantages of IGES’s. This is mainly because of its comprehensive coverage and user friendly features such as its simple control strategies. It is concluded that advantages of IGES outweighs its

Racial Disparity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Racial Disparity - Research Paper Example If it could be considered as one of the social problems of modern societies, racial disparity has caused severe concerns to governments worldwide mostly because of the following facts: the problem seems to be continuously expanded, i.e. there is no sign of limitation or even standardization; also, the phenomenon has been already developed at such level that threatens the stability of the society. Racial disparity is a critical social problem in countries worldwide. The problem is mostly reflected in the barriers faced by black people or people belonging in minorities when trying to enter the job market (The Independent 2008, NBC Washington 2011); the healthcare treatment provided to black people and people in minorities also reveals the existence of racial disparity (McNeil 2011). In criminal justice also, cases of racial disparity can be identified. Indeed, black people and people in minorities are most likely to be arrested for crimes of various types; moreover, people in this category are more likely to be convicted – compared the white people who have committed the same offences. In Illinois ‘19 per cent of black defendants charged in 2005 were sentenced to prison after being charged with a low-level drug possession felony’ (Di Benedetto 2011); the percentage of white people charged for the same crime was just 4% (Di Benedetto 2011). It should be noted though that the failure in managing racial disparity is not reflected just in the punishment imposed on offenders; it seems that criminal behavior is increased in black people and people belonging in minorities, a fact which shows the lack of measures for equally controlling crime across society. In a research developed in 2008 â€Å"10.1 per cent of all blacks reported using illegal drugs compared to 8.2 per cent of all whites† (Di Benedetto 2011). Racial disparity is an important social problem;  however, its limitation would require an integrated plan of action; the introduction of changes in the criteria of sentencing would not be adequate for reducing the number of minorities in courts and prisons.